| Theodore Newton Vail | |
|---|---|
Vail in 1913 |
|
| Born | July 16, 1845 Minerva, Ohio |
| Died | April 16, 1920 (aged 74) |
| Employer | American Telephone & Telegraph |
| Title | President |
| Spouse | Emma Righter (m. 1869–1920) |
Theodore Newton Vail (July 16, 1845 – April 16, 1920) was a U.S. telephone industrialist. His philosophy of using closed systems, centralized power, and as much network control as possible, in order to maintain monopoly power, has been called Vailism.[1] He served as the president of American Telephone & Telegraph between 1885 and 1889, and again from 1907 to 1919 (the company was named American Telephone & Telegraph before 1894). He convinced President Woodrow Wilson that the telephone as a medium of communication would spread more rapidly if brought under one monopoly so as to ensure uniform provision of services throughout the country. He called this "one system, one policy, universal service".[2] This was formalised in the form of the Kingsbury Commitment of 1913.
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He was born on July 16, 1845 in Malvern, Ohio, and he was educated in Morristown, New Jersey. At first he studied medicine with his uncle. He also studied telegraphy. Success in the latter led him to go to New York, where he became manager of a local telegraphy office.[3]
He then joined the staff of a superintendent of The United States Telegraph Co. which ultimately became Western Union.[3]
He went west with his father in 1866 to farm. In the fall of 1868, he was made operator and afterward agent at Pine Bluffs, Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad. Pine Bluffs was at that time the principal supply point for wood for The Union Pacific, which had not then been completed.[3]
In the Spring of 1869, Vail was appointed clerk of the railway mail service between Omaha and Ogden. His success in getting the mail through during the snow blockage of 1870, came to the attention of upper management.[3]
He was promoted to the Chicago and Iowa City railway post office, an important distribution point at the time. When the railway post office was established on The Union Pacific, Vail was promoted to head clerk.[3]
In March, 1873, Vail was assigned to duty in the office of the General Superintendent of Railway Mail Service, Washington, D.C. There he exercised special oversight of distribution of the mails,[3] and justified to Congress the compensation the railways received for carrying the mail. In June, 1874, he was appointed Assistant Superintendent of Railway Mail Service. In 1875, he became Assistant General Superintendent.[3]
In February, 1876, Vail was appointed General Superintendent after his boss retired. He had reached the highest grade attainable in this branch of the Federal government. He was the youngest officer in the Railway Mail Service, both in years and terms of service. When this final appointment was made by the Postmaster General, the latter said that his only objection to Vail was his youth.[3]
As General Superintendent, Vail helped put postal employees under the general civil service laws. He established the system of six months' probationary appointments, which were subsequently adopted by all agencies.[3]
The American Bell Telephone Co. had been organized by Gardiner G. Hubbard, father in law of Alexander Graham Bell. As a lawyer and lobbyist, Hubbard had opposed the Post Office Department before Congress on various issues. He was impressed with Vail and offered him the position of general manager of the American Bell Telephone Company in 1878. Vail believed in the future of the telephone though it was then considered a mere novelty by some.[3][4]
Vail defended the Bell patents successfully from challenges from Western Union and others. He introduced the use of copper wire in telephone and telegraph lines.[3]
In 1888, Vail retired, temporarily as it turned out, and devoted his time to travel and adventure in South America, and promoting the use of the telephone abroad.[3][4]
He was a first cousin to Alfred Vail instrumental in developing the first telegraph.
In August 1869, Vail married Emma Righter, of Newark, New Jersey. They had one son, Davis R. Vail,[3] who died after a 10 day bout with typhoid fever in 1906.[5]
He first visited Vermont in 1883.[6] This led to his eventual purchase of a 1,500-acre (6.1 km2) farm in Lyndon, Vermont, "Speedwell Farms," site of conferences which culminated in the creation of American Telephone & Telegraph.
He was a member of the Union League Club of New York and the Algonquin Club of Boston.[3]
Vail founded the Vermont School of Agriculture in 1910 in Lyndon, Vermont. This was subsequently merged into a preparatory school, Lyndon Institute. He acquired the scientific book collection of George Edward Dering in 1911 and presented it to the library of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[7]
Vail co-founded Junior Achievement in 1919.
| Preceded by |
President of American Telephone & Telegraph 1885-1889 |
Succeeded by |
| Preceded by |
President of American Telephone & Telegraph 1907-1919 |
Succeeded by Harry Bates Thayer |